The World Of The Holocaust - 1960 Words

In recent years the study of the Holocaust has been one of the most interesting topics for historians to debate and analyze. There are so many different topics to consider and to discuss them all would exceed the scope of this paper. In particular, many historians like to understand what events and actions ultimately led to the Holocaust. Many scholars have debated and interpreted the process that led to such a tragic time in history. Despite many scholarly opinions, it is evident that scholars tend to focus on Hitler’s rooted ideologies in the Nazi Regime, as well as the idea that the Holocaust was a result of failures within the Nazi system. These two major views and themes will be discussed throughout the paper. This paper will compare and contrast how Gotz Aly, Gerhard Weinberg, and Ian Kershaw interpret the process that led to the Holocaust and ultimately the â€Å"Final Solution†. A brief background on the Final Solution may be helpful when considering the views of these authors. The Final Solution took place during World War Two in 1942. It is often referred to as the â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question/Race†. The main goal was to remove the Jewish race from Europe and ultimately the world through a terrible and horrific genocide. In January of 1942 at the â€Å"Wannsee Conference†, this program and policy was constructed and implemented. As a result, about sixty-six percent of all Jews in Europe were killed. In Gotz Aly’s â€Å"Final Solution† it is important to consider hisShow MoreRelatedThe World Of The Holocaust1457 Words   |  6 Pagesway. They show what you’ve been through and how strong you are for coming out of it†-Demi Lovato. On September 1st, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland which caused the start of World War II, and the official establishment of the Third Reich. The Third Reich was the Nazi German Empire that had hoped to achieve a total Aryan race and world domination. Many ethnic groups fell short to Nazi beliefs and were oppressed and destroyed. In order to establish ultimate Aryan perfection, Hitler needed to get rid ofRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust910 Words   |  4 Pagesknowing it origin. Genocide is a word that was created after the Holocaust by the United Nations. The creation of this word was intended to define the act of extermination of a country, ethnic, or religious group. It is a shame the creation of this word had to come into th e world. In this paper I will address the many different for that genocide takes in today society. To begin with, I would like to talk a about the holocaust. The holocaust was a planned extermination of Jewish people in Germany. ThisRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke those sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust was the systematic, organized, frighten, vicious event that sponsored by Nazi Party throughout the Europe continent that approximately took away six million Jews’ life with assisted from Nazi Germany and its collaborat ors, the event also caused different extent of casualties to contemporary third party countries in the Europe simultaneously. The official beginning date of event started from January 1933 when Adolf Hitler first came to power in Germany with Nazi as his backup to openlyRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke those sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust885 Words   |  4 Pagestraumatic period, Holocaust-was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler s Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews during the Nazi genocide - in 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Nazi Germany during World War 2. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. But today I will talk about the United States’ Response to the Holocaust. There two main historiansRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust853 Words   |  4 PagesOne common assumption that people make about the Holocaust is that the atrocity was an event unique to world history. It is not often taught in United States history classes that there were events previous to World War II that set precedence that allowed the Holocaust to occur under Nazi Germany rule. Generally, history classes do not explore colonialism outside of the United States, so it is no surprise that very few people are aware of German colonialism in Africa, let alone how Germany’s actionsRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1020 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a time in world History when the world was at war. It was the between the super powers, which was known as the Allies and the Axis alliances. The major countries that played a key part in the war was United States, United kingdom, Japan and Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed the hole out comeRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe the Holocaust. The Holocaust affected the lives of millions because of the hate inside of the Nazi’s. Why would the Nazi’s do this? This is a question almost nobody can answer. What we do know are the effects of the Holocaust; specifically, on the child survivors of the Holocaust. The Holocaust created a struggle with interpersonal relationships, psycholog ical difficulties, and caused child survivors and their families have a drive for resilience. Most people could say the Holocaust bring feelingsRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust It was a time in world History when the world was at war. It was the between the super powers, which was known as the Allies and the Axis alliances. The major countries that played a key part in the war was United States, United kingdom, Japan and Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed

Descriptive Essay About Smoothie - 952 Words

Close your eyes for three minutes and think about all kinds excuses and explanation you’ve given people and how many of them have believed you. For others, making a realistic excuse is extremely easy. But for some it’s extremely strenuous to make up a story that seems realistic and understandable. I’m that type of person who has difficulties creating excuses in any particular occasion. It was a beautiful Saturday morning, birds are chirping in an oak tree. I woke up extra early to prepare and cook breakfast for the entire family. For the meantime, I’m in the process of making a green juice smoothie. Then I realized that I have to go to work and opened the shop at exactly ten o’clock in the morning. I worked at the place called Paradise†¦show more content†¦I need to focus on my studies rather than working. My English teacher allotted the class to choose one of William Shakespeare’s written plays. She told us it’s not a group p roject and its individual assignment. In addition, I obliged to formulate a PowerPoint allocation, two-page essay, and a book report. My teacher gave us three weeks to complete the written assignment which is I strongly believe not enough time for the entire class to finish. The project like this with tons of phases and requirements takes a lot of time analyzing and making the project. Actually, I’m a little concern making school work as an excuse. Due to all of these school works and studies I have to do working is not my priority. I think it will not turn out as I planned to. Then I fulfill making up an excuse about school is not enough. So, I decide to let my boss know the whole truth. The main reason I will miss a day from work is because of a simple family outing. My uncle Gabriel and his family are coming from Canada to surprise my father for his birthday. The family decides to look for nearest resort that has pool, amazing ambiance, and other family fun activities. As soon as the family arrived at the resort, everyone seems ready to have fun and make great memories. My mother and aunt Sonia were preparing tons of food, mostly Filipino delegacy cuisine in the kitchen. While my cousins and I are having anShow MoreRelatedInternational4856 Words   |  20 Pagescompanies have the capabilities to exploit these interesting markets (Gleason, Mathur Singh, 2000). The essay at hand attempts to address these two topics. Frist, this paper illustrates the drivers for divestments from emerging markets and provides exemplary cases. Then, the essay elaborates on how Innocent Ltd (Innocent) can sustainably enter the Indian market. 2. Structure of the Thesis The essay is divided into six chapters. After the introductory part, the third chapter introduces the reader to

Social Ills of a Society Free Essays

Societal values of every society is sustained by the organs of the society. interestinly,the most important organ is the goverment. so goverment is the most important organ reponsible in maintaining societal values. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Ills of a Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are all living in a democratic world today and like democracy is clearly define as â€Å"the goverment of the people by the people and for the people†,this means the goverment is the peolple that make up the society. Now,a society that has failed in all sense of the word,is not without the fault of the ones that inhabitates the environs. hen crime and iimmoral decadence become the order of the day,and is seen as the norm in a society,then we have an issue in our hand. I mean a society where boys of 18 years are drug barons and heads of gangs responsible for murder,robbery,and distribution of illicit drugs in the society. but inspite of all these,they are celebrated and worshipped by the society which they have destroyed. Education is one area that has recieved set back greatly in this whole drama,as many young ones growing up don’t see models in the light of education around them,yo follow. ut they see a lot of gangsters that are making money even from a very young age. so this becomes the benchmark for measuring success in this society. Those that even went to school,immediatly they got a job that could give them some money,they left the society and went some place else to build a life of thier own,as they really could’nt fit in to that world back home. This is the case with many african societies,and this has brought about alot of death,rape,unwanted pregnancies,child abuse and drug abuse. etc. but the society still feell trapped in this quagmire irrespective of the huge prices that is been paid for all of this. his is where agencies both govermental and non-govermental,should become more strategic in saving lives and the society. they should come up with orientation programes on the effect of drugs,alcohol, and crime. the goverment should embark on compulsory secondary school education for all youth within the age of education. they should arrest and remand all crime defaulters so as to serve as deterrent for the others. they should build more schools in such societies and increase the activities of the law enforcement and drug enforcement agents in these kind of environs. All of these will help curb the menace of crime and drug in the socities. How to cite Social Ills of a Society, Papers

Unemployment Problem in Australian Economyâ€Myassihgnmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Unemployment Problem in Australian Economy? Answer: Introduction The performance of Australia as observed through many indicators is deteriorating. Initially, this economy was noted to be among the leading in terms of economic growth. This was mostly argued on the fact that it was able to escape the 2008 global recession without much impact on its operations whereas many economies economic growth fell to very low level and are still on the recovery process. Unemployment is one of the indicators used to gauge the economic performance. Many economic sources have given data and statistics on the rising unemployment rate in Australia. This problem is thus attracting the policy response by the government since its one of its primary goals to ensure that the economy is tending towards full employment. However, we shall realize in this paper that this goal is subjected to many constraints. Thus attainance of this goal is almost next to impossible. The paper will note and elaborate on the various reasons as to why any economy cannot attain full employment level. On this notion, it can be deducted that even the policy makers cannot formulate a policy framework that can help in this goal achievement. The paper shall discuss the major policies implement or rather proposed by economists to be implemented in order to lower this rate of unemployment. In this study, the different unemployment types will be covered. Elaborations on whether they occur in the short or in the long run will be provided. Also the factors responsible for this categories of unemployment will be provided. Further on the elaborations and factors responsible for the categorization, the study will note the categories that could be avoided and those that cannot be avoided and also a note on the categories that the government policies may control. Various recommendations for the government, and other researchers will be provided at the end of the paper and conclusion will be drawn. Economics of Unemployment There are various conditions that has been put forward by the Australian government and mostly applied by many economies in determining the persons that are said to be unemployed. One of this conditions is that the person should not be having any job at the reference period (Abs.gov.au, 2014). Then this person should be vigorously looking for employment. Lastly, this person should be ready and willing to enter into any job vacancy that is provided. However, economists have argued that these conditions are not sufficiently depicting the unemployed persons and the data statistics provided may be very attractive whereas in the real sense there is a high number of unemployed persons in the economy. One on the issues is that of underemployment; this is where a person working for an hour and more is considered to be employed. If for instance we consider a person working for 1 to like 3 hours a day, at a low wage rate, this persons income is insufficient to meet the daily demands. Therefore, even though the person is considered to be employed, they are underemployed. This explains why an economy with low unemployment rate could be having so many people living under extreme poverty. There are so many reports of underemployed reports to the ABS. according to NewsComAu (2017), there over a million complaints of underemployment where the employed are not satisfied with the income they are earning and are looking for some more. Economists have noted that the female group are the ones mostly affected by the underemployment issue. Data Analysis Table: Australian Unemployment rate data Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Unemployment Rate 5.217 5.65 6.067 6.075 5.712 Source: Imf.org (2017) Graph: Australian Unemployment rate 2012 2016 The data on the unemployment rate collected from the international monetary fund estimates made after 2015 is plotted to obtain the above graph. The Australian economys unemployment rate has been high since 2012. The linear trend line that slopes upwards is also an attest that the rate has actually gone up over the five years. Though the Australian economy escaped the GFC unhurt, it has been facing the rising unemployment problem since then. The low unemployment rate in 2012 is also a confirmation of how the economy wasnt greatly impacted by the GFC. The question now is what went wrong? What is the factor behind the unemployment rate going up? The record of unemployment rate were roughly equal during the year 2014 and 2015. There was however a fall in the unemployment rate in 2016. Causes of Unemployment There are varying causes of unemployment in Australia. According to Sebastian (2015), there are some industries that are shutting down which include the manufacturing, agriculture and textiles industries. The argument based on these closures is that many people are losing their jobs; given the fact that there is insufficient industry diversity in the Australian states, those who lose their jobs remain unemployed before they get another job. This has greatly added to the unemployment rate. Unemployment is caused by increase in population which in turn increase the size of the labour force. There has been a great flow of immigrants into Australia, these people increases the competition for the available and the newly created jobs (Sebastian, 2015). Most importantly its caused to slow or stagnant economic growth. When an economy is performing poorly, the production level falls and thus some employers reduce the number of their workers. For instance if we consider a period of economic hard time, the spending on the infrastructure falls, thus, engineers and other skilled personnel on infrastructure development remain unemployed. Pressure from labor unions is also a factor behind the rising unemployment rate. Labour unions are in constant demand for wage increments; at high wage level, the employing firm cuts their demand for employees. This is also the case for the minimum wage legislation where government in an attempt to promote income equality fixes a higher wage level that the employers are required to pay only equal to or above. Some people also argue on advancement in technology to drive people out of their jobs. They argue that if for instance a company adopts the use of robots, it can lay many workers as a single robot could be able to do a job that initially many workers were employed for. However, there are many economists who argue that even if the fact of robots being more productive is true, advancement in technology create more jobs. This is because even the new introduced equipment need programming, maintenance and repair. Technology may thus be a source of employment. If for example a machine is innovated that is used for recycling of some waste materials, people will be employed in the process. The last factor under discussion is that of natural disasters. For example during a drought season, agricultural activities is impacted and people fails to be employed. Types of Unemployment Cyclical Unemployment This type of unemployment results from unavoidable situations. Economic situations keep on changing. There are many factors that affect the aggregate demand and supply in an economy. With a higher aggregate demand, businesses are induced to supply more since higher demand also results in higher prices for goods and services. In the process of adjusting the supply level, businesses employ more labour thus reducing the unemployment rate. This is the case when the economy production level is in a boom. However, sometimes there could be a deficient in demand. Given the initial supply level, lower demand results in falling prices and discourages production. Since businesses are not willing to produce more and sell at lower prices, they lay off some initial workers. This is the case when the economy is in a burst and it increases the unemployment rate. This unemployment may continue to the long run since the economys rate of adjustment for recovery may be lower. This creates a need for int ervention by policy makers in order to accelerate the recovery process. For instance lets consider an economic situation such as a recession, Structural Unemployment This unemployment type is very harmful to every given economy as it is not resolved through automatic forces. Thus, government intervention is mandatory. It occurs in the short run but ends up prolonging to the long run (Hall Lieberman, 2010). Its worse since it occurs even when there are many job opportunities presented; its only that the unemployed dont fit in those vacancies (Amadeo, 2016). As the name suggests, it is as a result of structural changes. For instance lets assume that the production costs for a specific firm increases in one economy and the firm decides to shift operations to an economy with lower cost; this firm may not take with them all its workers. There are many barriers that many prevent some people from shifting from one economy to the other, these include immigration restrictions and language barriers. Thus, the shifting leaves many of the employees unemployed. Some of these employees skills may not be important for other firms and thus trouble securing a ne w job. Another case is when there is an advancement in technology that results in new innovations and efficient means of production. The digital migration has resulted in the need of employees with advanced skills. For instance a firms operation may become computerized and this lowers the number of employees required compared to when it was done manually. Otherwise, a digital migration may require all the employees to be computer literates, these leads to laying off of those not meeting the new job requirement. Frictional Unemployment This unemployment sometimes is voluntary unlike other types of unemployment. However, its not all the times it is voluntary; sometimes its as a result of economic factors. Overall, this unemployment type is unavoidable in every economy and requires less government intervention (Nash, 2017). The voluntary case is where for example a fresh graduate is not ready to engage in a low paying job and instead decides to stay unemployed until they get their dream job (Pettinger, 2012). Another case is where an employed worker opts to leave the current job to look for another. It may take time to get that new job and these persons remain unemployed. The economic case is the fact that the graduates from universities may not be knowing their potential employers and those employing may not be knowing the right candidates for the position. Thus, time is taken before a fresh graduate gets a job since processes such as interview and waiting periods may be longer. The employing firms also need to cons ider many candidates so as to choose the best. Those not chosen will have to wait for another vacancy to arise and compete for it. Thus time and information asymmetry is the important factor behind frictional unemployment. Seasonal Unemployment There are jobs that require some services periodically. During the period when the services are in demand, there are people who get employed. However, immediately this period is over, these people become unemployed until the production process gets back to a similar period again. If these people are not into jobs, they may remain unemployed for the period in between. An example of this unemployment form is exhibited in the agricultural sector where there is a time frame in between the services demand. For instance after planting, there is no service demanded until weeding time. This is also exhibited in Ski resort; this job is available during winters when there is snow but absent during summers with absence of snow (Pettinger, 2015). This unemployment is mostly present in the case of tourism industry. There are months in which the inflow of tourists is very high and some where there is a few (Hall Lieberman, 2010). More jobs are available during months of high inflows and low other wise. The Distribution of Unemployment in Australia Australia is a large economy divided into several large states. The economic growth and development of these states vary from a state to another. This may be as a result of the population differences between the states, the amount of rainfall received in each state since it determines the level of agricultural activities, and the industrialization of the states. Owing to this differences, these states have varying level of unemployment. More industrialized states have more job opportunities than those with less industrialization. The following graph will show the hopelessness index differences between the states from the lowest to the highest. Graph: Unemployment in Australian States Source: Murphy (2016) The hopelessness index is obtained by combining the number of the people starting new jobs and those that are unemployed. The Northern Territory has the lowest hopelessness index whereas Tasmania has the highest. A lower hopelessness is desirable for a territory. It means that there are many people starting new jobs and low number of those unemployed. In this case, a person who loses a job can very quickly find a new one; the hopes of one getting a job is very high in Northern Territory than in Tasmania. In the case of Tasmania, there are lower people starting new jobs whereas the number of the unemployed is very high. The other analysis is the age group hopelessness index where the group which is more or less likely to find a job is determined. Graph: Hopelessness index of Australian job search based on age group Source: Murphy (2016) There is less worry for the people of the age group 23-34 as compared to the younger group of 15-19 years. The biggest worry of getting a job is on the age group 60-64. Most of these people are old and are considered unproductive and thus the chance of being employed is very low.The next analysis is on the factors that influence the participation is the labour force which also determines the economys unemployment rate. Graph: Hopelessness index based on family characteristics Source: Murphy (2016) It is noted that there is a 90 % possibility for a married man of the age 35-44 years to participate in the labour market with an unemployment rate of below 2.8%; this is in comparison to another man of the same age who has an 80% possibility of participation and unemployment rate of 6.4%. Lone parents are more hopeless to participate in the labour market. Government Policies The most important policies for the government to solve the problem of rising unemployment rate are those intended to stimulate the economy; these are the fiscal and monetary policies (Gallego, 2017). The government could either lower tax rate or increase spending; the two will have the same result. Otherwise, the RBA could increase money supply of lower interest rate. The choice of these policies is influenced by other economic factors such as inflation rate. The government in the case of frictional unemployment can only be of help by ensuring that there is equality in the receivership of information on new job vacancies. Pettinger (2015) proposed the following as a solution to seasonal unemployment; the government should ensure the economy is more diversified excluding the case for the tourism industry (not possible), he proposed that the government should formulate a regulation such that even with temporary jobs, workers still are able to receive income throughout the year. The go vernment should note all the off-seasons in the year and increased its spending during this period so that those whose jobs have halted will get another job to engage in. Recommendations The government should raise the number of hours that a person should be working to be considered employed. An hour of work is not a fair level to consider a person to be employed. Else, since the level of wage rate is predetermined, it should fix the minimum income that a person should be earning so as to be considered employed. This would help in solving the issue of underemployment. If the unemployment rate included also the discouraged workers, it would be very high. There are so many workers who are not engaged in any job but are not included in the unemployment estimation. The conditions for a person to be considered above is excluding a high number of people from the unemployment estimation whereas they are in that category. Thus there should be a thorough edition of those conditions while taking into condition the various reason responsible for increasing unemployment. The government struggle towards lowering the unemployment level should be focused mostly on cyclical and stru ctural unemployment. The other may recover naturally. Since this paper could also be used by university student or any other learning institutions, I would recommend that every student after completion of his/her education should not stay idle whereas there is a job opportunity being presented. This is irrespective of the low wages being offered or rather if the job is not related to the degree held. They can engage in that job while still looking for the desired job; this would help in lowering the level of frictional unemployment that either occurs naturally or mostly voluntary. This could also be useful to the employed but lacks job satisfaction; they should hold on instead of leaving their job before getting a new one. In order to control the unemployment without making some parties worse off, the government should consider promoting its economic growth. The right policy framework by the government should be put in place so that it will be able to facilitate a fast growth of jobs so as to ensure that there are sufficient job opportunities from which the Australian could take advantage of. Conclusion Owing to the unemployment issues discussed above such as underemployment and the fact that the discouraged workers are not included in the unemployment rate, it can be concluded that low unemployment rate may not necessarily be an indicate of good economic health. There so many people living on hand to mouth since they earn too little income. If the discouraged workers are also included in the unemployment measure, unemployment would be the best measure of economic growth. Economic growth is an important factor that influences the unemployment level and thus it should be the major concern for the policy makers. New and many job opportunities would create a large market from which many Australians may fit. This is because there are many Australians who are unemployed with no job securities and some are not or may not fit on many job opportunities as they possess no skills. There is a small number of people who start new job; a lower number raises the hopelessness level. Lastly it can be concluded that the implementation of some government policies is not easy as it may make other economic factors worse of. References Abs.gov.au. (2014). 6105.0 - Australian Labour Market Statistics, July 2014. Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/0/FBE517ECA9B07F63CA257D0E001AC7D4?OpenDocument [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Amadeo, K. (2016). What Is Structural Unemployment? Causes, Examples. The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/structural-unemployment-3306202 [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Gallego, L. (2017). Inflation Unemployment. [Online] Policonomics.com. Available at: https://policonomics.com/lp-inflation-unemployment1-economic-policies/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Hall, E. Lieberman, M. (2010). Economics: Principles applications. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Imf.org. (2017). World Economic and Financial Surveys. [Online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2012ey=2016scsm=1ssd=1sort=countryds=.br=1pr1.x=73pr1.y=6c=193s=LUR%2CLPgrp=0a= [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Murphy, J. (2016). Hopeless cases: The bitter taste of Australias employment problem. [Online] NewsComAu. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/hopeless-cases-the-bitter-taste-of-australias-employment-problem/news-story/ae4504c4341e10b27098ef1680edc8fd [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Nash, J. (2017). Three Types of Unemployment: Cyclical, Frictional Structural - Video Lesson. [Online] Study.com. Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/three-types-of-unemployment-cyclical-frictional-structural.html [Accessed 21 May 2017]. NewsComAu. (2017). Unemployment rate rose to 5.9 per cent in February. [Online] NewsComAu. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/unemployment-rate-rose-to-59-per-cent-in-february/news-story/3b42717226e015718667da4d0c4919fe [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Pettinger, T. (2012). Frictional Unemployment. [Online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/frictional-unemployment/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Pettinger, T. (2015). Seasonal Unemployment. [Online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/seasonal-unemployment/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Sebastian (2015). Causes of unemployment - common causes in Australia. [Online] Adelaide-southaustralia.com. Available at: https://www.adelaide-southaustralia.com/money/causes-of-unemployment/ [Accessed 21 May 2017].

Parris fears Essay Example

Parris fears Paper Fear plays a big part in The Crucible. The character of Reverend Parris fears being driven from his position in the church; There is a faction that is sworn to drive from my pulpit (page 8). In the stage directions it says Reverend Parris is praying now, and, although we cannot hear his words, a sense of confusion hangs about him. This shows that he is in a state when he speaks those words and is struck with fear. Reverend Parris is not liked by his congregation because they believe he is more interested in material possessions than the words of god so he fears that his position could be lost. This was not the norm for Reverends then as religion was the most important thing to everyone at this point in time and obviously as reverend should he should be more interested in god than other material possessions. Parris shows fear again for the second time in the play when he is afraid of the consequence of dabbering with the dead. Goody Ann, it is a formidable sin to conjure up the dead! (Page 12). Parris is refusing to accept that Salem has a problem with witchcraft. Mary Warren is another character that shows fear in The Crucible. She fears hanging for not telling the truth about what happened in the woods that night. Abby, weve got to tell. Witcherys a hangin error, a hangin like they done in Boston two year ago! We must tell the truth, Abby! Youll only be whipped for dancin, and the other things! (Page 14) She really thinks she should tell the truth and is struggling to convince Abigail to do this. Here shes really panicking and fear stricken and Arthur miller portrays this well because he uses lots of exclamation marks to show her alarm and distress at what is going on and you can see how much she knows what is happening is not right. We will write a custom essay sample on Parris fears specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Parris fears specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Parris fears specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Later in the play Mary Warren shows fear again, not by what she says but how she says it. When she is questioned about the poppet she made in court, the stage directions show the reader how she fears for herself. Frightened for herself, her voice very small (Page 61) As it shows in these stage directions, she is worried she has done something wrong and the audience can see this because it says of how her voice becomes very small. In these circumstances with all the hysteria in Salem she is more worried about what she has been asked than what she normally would be and Arthur Miller shows this well in the stage directions. At the time when the play was written many people living in America felt threatened by communism and a government committee was put together to identify all communists. Arthur Miller was called to the court and was placed in nearly exactly the position John Proctor was put in during the play. Because he was in such a similar position to John Proctor, this would have helped him when writing the play because he would know exactly how to write John Proctors parts and create his character to stand for the truth, rather than forfeit others; both John and Miller remain silent. As a result of the McCarthy trials against communism in America taking place during his lifetime, Arthur Miller experienced the raw emotions firsthand. The trials were practically identical to the Salem witch trials and as Arthur Miller was experiencing them first hand this would have made writing this play a much more emotional experience. He could see how people were reacting so he could transfer these emotions into his play which made his work much more realistic. For example, good innocent people were made to become paranoid and then do anything even lie to save themselves and in the play the audience can see how he has shown this. The people who lived in the village of Salem were all puritans and believed that god would only accept them if they were pure people. These beliefs ultimately destroyed them because the people of Salem would do anything not to be found guilty. As the audience see, the power of superstition, fear and revenge can distort the truth and these were all reasons for the accusations that flew. Arthur Miller portrayed the emotions well in The Crucible by letting them shine through his characters. The play does not just show these emotions, it makes the audience feel the tension, the angst and the desperation.

Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero

Sophocles’ Oedipus is a perfect model of the human potential to achieve godlike greatness despite his tragic downfall. Before his fate is revealed, pride, impiety, and ignorance bring his own nemesis, yet because of the remarkable intelligence, courage, and leadership skills he displays in dealing with calamity Oedipus ultimately reveals how ones spirit can become godlike. Before the opening scene, Oedipus’s hubris and impiety have already led him toward self-destruction. He commits both patricide and regicide on the crossroads because of his lack of respect for those in power, and because he is very prideful. He sees â€Å"the old man †¦ coming up along his wheels†, but does not waver to let him by. Instead he ignorantly â€Å"kill[s] them all – every mothers son!† even despite of the oracles prophesy (621). Also, he impudently belittles the gods by claiming his intelligence alone freed the people from the sphinx â€Å"With no help from the b irds† (606). By contemptuously announcing, â€Å"You pray to the gods? Let me grant your prayers,† Oedipus implies he feels superlative to the Gods, which sets him up for doom (606). Because Oedipus tests his humanly powers he reaches the boundary between mankind and divine power, and it is at this point that the truth of fate brings his anagnorisis, and his hamartia is broken. Through his demonstration of superior intellect, bravery, and his unselfish sacrifice for his country Oedipus is the Greeks model for the greatness that humans can achieve. Because of his intellect Oedipus is rated â€Å"first of men† (600). He is the only one capable of solving the sphinx’s riddle to free the city of Thebes (600). He is also the first to derive a solution for the plague. Claiming that he â€Å"labor[ed] over many paths of thought,† he finally sends Creon to Delphi in search for cure. In discovering fate, and dealing with its truth Oedipus also illustrates pr ofound courageousness. His passionate concern ... Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero Sophocles’ Oedipus is a perfect model of the human potential to achieve godlike greatness despite his tragic downfall. Before his fate is revealed, pride, impiety, and ignorance bring his own nemesis, yet because of the remarkable intelligence, courage, and leadership skills he displays in dealing with calamity Oedipus ultimately reveals how ones spirit can become godlike. Before the opening scene, Oedipus’s hubris and impiety have already led him toward self-destruction. He commits both patricide and regicide on the crossroads because of his lack of respect for those in power, and because he is very prideful. He sees â€Å"the old man †¦ coming up along his wheels†, but does not waver to let him by. Instead he ignorantly â€Å"kill[s] them all – every mothers son!† even despite of the oracles prophesy (621). Also, he impudently belittles the gods by claiming his intelligence alone freed the people from the sphinx â€Å"With no help from the b irds† (606). By contemptuously announcing, â€Å"You pray to the gods? Let me grant your prayers,† Oedipus implies he feels superlative to the Gods, which sets him up for doom (606). Because Oedipus tests his humanly powers he reaches the boundary between mankind and divine power, and it is at this point that the truth of fate brings his anagnorisis, and his hamartia is broken. Through his demonstration of superior intellect, bravery, and his unselfish sacrifice for his country Oedipus is the Greeks model for the greatness that humans can achieve. Because of his intellect Oedipus is rated â€Å"first of men† (600). He is the only one capable of solving the sphinx’s riddle to free the city of Thebes (600). He is also the first to derive a solution for the plague. Claiming that he â€Å"labor[ed] over many paths of thought,† he finally sends Creon to Delphi in search for cure. In discovering fate, and dealing with its truth Oedipus also illustrates pr ofound courageousness. His passionate concern ...

African Athena Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

African Athena Controversy - Essay Example In his first volume, â€Å"The Fabrication of Ancient Greece†, the author has attacked the nineteenth century notion that Greeks were basically Aryans from the North and he proposes to dissolve his ideas from the Aryan Model to Ancient Model and stated that the religion of the Greeks were derived from the East with Egypt in particular. The controversy is that the western ideological thinkers have criticized Bernal’s views of the Greek’s influence (p.1). Bernal argues that the widely influential books like Flaubert’s Salambà ´ (1862) suggested that the African cultures were pugnacious and uncivilized than that of the Greeks or the Romans. Bernal describes that Flaubert had originally meant to elucidate a historical novel about Egypt but later on fixed on ancient Carthage as his subject because the Egyptians were not sufficiently degenerated for his purposes. Bernal describes the authors’ work as a typical reflection of the western hypocrisy. â€Å" Flaubert implied that Europeans-with the possible exception of the English-were incapable of such things. In fact, the Romans outdid the Carthaginians in virtually every luxury and outrage while the Macedonians [i.e., Greeks] were not far behind† (p. 2). The paper focuses on the influence of the Greeks and the Phoenicians on the Greek society on the lines of Bernal’s elucidation in his â€Å"Black Athena† but at the same time criticizes his views and highlights the area of loopholes of his findings. From the initial findings of the book Black Athena project, Bernal saw the competition between the Aryan and the revised models in terms of competitive plausibility from the documents of the Late Bronze Age in terms of archaeology, language, culture and religious rituals and historical analogy and topology (p.3). In terms of the archaeology and documents the evidence hardly points out to the Revised Ancient Model but in terms of cult and language the evidence supports the very dominance of the

Computer Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Network - Essay Example This would make the Wi- Fi more effective by ensuring it spreads wider field through structures and different obstructions. Organizations that profit from shopper information transfers are not excited about the thought. As indicated by the Washington Post, Verizon, Intel, AT&T, Cisco, and others have suggested that the range should be issued to organizations as opposed to being utilized in the FCCs proposed arrangement. "We imagine that the range would be most valuable to the bigger society and to broadband organization in the event that it were authorized," an Intel official says. At the same time, Google and Microsoft have have their own ideas regarding the proposition. These propositions include prompt advantage to clients, free national web access that would make a country own brilliant organized gadgets, "a huge number of gadgets that will make the advancing Internet out of things."(Lee, Yi, Chong, & Jin, 2014). Presently, the advocates of both Google and Microsoft are part of the Wireless Innovation Alliance, which is a care group for the FCCs drive.This incorporates Dell and the New America Foundation. Google stands out to be the beneficiary if more individuals begin using its administrations to browse the web over extensive free Wi-Fi systems, or make any telephone and future calls through free administrations like Google Voice or Google Hangouts. Google has suggested that free mass Wi-Fi would start a blast in development. It is obvious that this will open a door for greater budgets that will offer room for advertisements through pursuit or in other imaginative ways. Faster internet and Wi-Fi across the nation means that people will experience the best live shows on the web, through Google Hangouts, which could incorporate promotions across the nation through broadcasts over that the Internet using tablets and cell phones(Niyato & Hossain, 2007). A proposition

Project Management- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Project Management- - Essay Example From the turn of the millennium to 2002, the industry grew over 200% and generated revenues about $289 million in 2002 alone. In 2004, the revenue generated by this industry totaled up to around $947 million. Furthermore, optimism continued to run high as a research group predicated that the growth of ICT-based services would grow to $200 billion by the end of the decade, with call centres enjoying a fair share of $42 billion of the revenue (White, 2014). Reports claim that the United States alone claims over 1.5 million seats and another 1 million waiting to be outsourced and the United Kingdom only has around 500,000 seats only waiting to be outsourced. Keeping in line with this, this paper will discuss the process of creating a new control and call centre that will house the police, ambulance and fire rescue emergency services, which will receive and deal with all 999 emergency and non-emergency calls that will be used by both England and Wales citizens. In detail, it will (1) ide ntify key explanatory aspects/issues/arguments relating to this project; (2) assess the benefits/strengths and problems/weaknesses/shortcomings/pitfalls, applicable, in terms of implementing the pilot; (3) assess the extent to which formal programme and project management would provide cost and/or efficiency savings; and (4) provide a set of good practice/guidance recommendations that can be evidenced and/or supported from the finding of your review. A call centre refers to a centrally-based customer service operation where its agents deal with telephone calls on behalf of a customer/caller (D’Cruz & Noronha, 2006). Customers vary from emergency callers, non-emergency callers, mail-order catalog houses, computer product help desks, telemarketing companies, banks, insurance groups and financial services, transportation and freight handling firms, IT companies and hotels, among others. The

Analysis of Economies of Scale

Analysis of Economies of Scale GONZALO PARENTE QUESTION 1: ECONOMIES OF SCALE: Shipping is an immense industry requiring huge financial investments and continuous development. Therefore, it has become an ideal game field to find and implement economies of scale. Any minor achievement on this will mean an impressive extra benefit in terms of cost reduction and efficiency gains. However, when economies of scale are managed under wrong market perspectives it can generate catastrophic results affecting for example ports flexibility and their commercial feasibility (e.g. congestion at terminal, hinterland) (P. Rodrigue, 2014). It is important to highlight that different shipping segments require different strategies due to variations on operations and infrastructure. Therefore, it can be found different shipping niches where economies of scale can be applied: Bigger capacity leads to lower costs per unit: Benefits, in terms of costs per unit, increase with ships capacity. If a comparison, in terms of operating costs, is made between a TTT class and a New Panamax vessel, it can be seen that megaships would be 30% cheaper than medium size vessels ($100/TEU) (P. Rodrigue, 2014). Bigger ships carry less fuel consumption: It is known that fuel consumption counts around 45%-50% of operating costs. Modern ships have led to a reduction on fuel consumption turning the shipping industry into a more profitable business. Under normal conditions, megaships consume 164 tons of fuel per day, being 35% lower than a medium size vessel (P. Rodrigue, 2015). Low speed (Slow steaming) also reduces fuel consumption: During the crisis of 2008-9 a new sailing approach came up, Slow steaming, reducing the speed to 18-20 Knots aiming to lower the fuel consumption. It enabled the market to absorb the over-fleet capacity during periods of slack demand, without impact in port congestion thanks to keep the fleet port call frequency. While a Post Panamax consumes 230 tons per day sailing at 24 Knots/hour, at 21 Knots/hour it would burn 150 tons per day (33% less) (P. Rodrigue, 2015). New shipbuilding techniques mean vessels being built rapidly: It has let ship-owners increase their fleets in a much reduced time at very low prices, taking advantage of the market conditions at all times. It is economy of scale applied to ship design. For example the new ships price fall between 2008 and 2009 was due to the appearance of revolutionary techniques offering new ships at very low prices (Stopford, 2009). Vessel ´s specialization leads to market flexibility: Not only economies of scale but also economies of scope are encompassed by ship specialization. Case: In order to fight against the inefficiency generated by bulk carriers sailing in ballast, a new specialized vessel came up called Multi-purpose. In terms of economies of scale, a multi-purposes vessel was an innovated idea due to the wide range of goods that it can accommodate at the same time, adapting it to the market conditions at all the moments without concerning about the port features, season, trends etc (Stopford, 2009). New technology and handling equipment speed up port operations: Operating mega vessels under high levels of productivity/efficiency requires sophisticated handling equipment. TTT vessels can be operated by 7 cranes at once (251 TEU/hour); while NewPanamax vessels need 6 cranes to handle 140 TEU/hour (Stopford, 2009). As a conclusion, the application of economies of scale to the shipping industry has led to a positive impact on the global economy. QUESTION 2: COST ELEMENTS OF SHIPPING: When talking about shipping costs, two main types of costs must be always taken into account: voyage related costs and no-voyage related costs. However, a better way to understand how different costs work in the shipping industry is by classifying them into capital, operating and voyage costs (ICS 2012, 2103; Plymouth university -Mr Adkins, 2014). The capital costs are fixed costs directly related to the vessel ´s purchase. These costs are part of the owner ´s responsibility. Some of these costs are Pre-delivery costs: the cost of transporting the vessel from the shipyard (e.g. japan) to the delivery point (e.g. Rotterdam). Loan repayment: it involves all the money that the shipowner must pay back to the bank. Leasing charges refer to the cost that shipowners must pay to the lessor e.g. TC for capesize, 5 years = $10500 per day. Depreciation: it refers to the decline in value of the vessel or any other infrastructure. Depreciation depends on the cost of the asset, the expected salvage value of the asset, the estimated life of the asset. Vessels life aprox. 25 years. Operating costs can be divided into four groups: crew costs, repair and maintainace, insurance and administration. Crew costs include the seafarer`s wages (Not the same for Philippines, American or Greeks), the travel costs (Not the same from UK to Rotterdam than UK to Italy), crew training (Depends on flag state/ship registries), medical inspections, recruitment process, insurances for crew accidents. Repair and maintenance costs include the maintenance of engines and other equipment, replacement of vessel ´s parts. For old vessels, it counts even 14% of operating costs. Insurance costs: The two compulsory insurances that every vessel must have are the 2/3 hull and machinery and the 1/3 third party liability. Administration costs consists of communication costs agents in port, or shore based administration and management charges. The voyage costs are one of the most important costs that shipowners must take into account when planning voyages. It is usually known as voyage estimation. Fuel charges: include the fuel price, the engine power and efficiency, the design and state of hull and the ship ´s speed. Port charges include the port dues which is the general use of port facilities (depends on volume of cargo, weight of cargo, gross tonnage and net tonnage). Service charges which include the pilotage, towage and cargo handling. Canal charges refer to the price vessels have to pay to ship across these short cuts. Please see below a good example of voyage estimation: (Private data from Shipbroking firm) Vessel: 8.000 TEU Route: Shanghai-Rotterdam (12.000 miles and 100% load factor). Bunker price = $650 Ship cost = $100m Containers = $20m Operating costs = $8.500 Value of cargo = $60.000 per TEU Annual interest rate = 3% Emission cost = $30 per tonne of fuel consumed Freight rate = $800 per TEU A ship is considered profitable when after taking into account capital, operating and voyage costs, still generate profits for the shipowner. This profit directly depends in the market level and freight rates. It is not the same to fix a vessel for WS50 than for WS80.Sometimes, it happens that freight rates vary for the same vessel size. One of the main factors is the geography. Depending on the demand for vessels in those specific markets, some shipowners will be willing to accept higher or lower freight rates. . For example: A vessel operating in Cross-MED for WS50 and a vessel operating UKC-ARA for WS80. In order to make your vessel more profitable, some strategies can be applied to seek economies of scale. Nowadays, one of the most popular seems to be slow steaming. QUESTION 3. WORLD MERCHANT FLEET, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION: As seen, shipping is a global industry formed by a sum of different sub-markets. This question is focused on the bulk market and the main differences between three of the biggest segments: tanker, dry bulk and containers. When looking at different shipping segments, it is important to analyze not only the routes of each segment but also the type and vessel size used in each of the markets. For liquid bulk cargoes, the type of vessel used is known as tanker vessels. Tankers are divided in two main groups: crude oil tankers and product tankers (ICS, 2015). Crude oil tankers range from 80.000-120.000 dwt (Aframax), 120.000-200.000 (Suezmax), to 200.000-500.000 dwt (VLCCs-ULCCs). The main routes are AG-USG, AG-China, AG-Japan and AG-ARA-UKC (ICS, 2014). Product tankers range from 10.00-42.000 dwt (Handy), 42.000-60.000 dwt (MR), 60.000-120.000 dwt (LR1-LR2). The main routes are USA-UKC for Diesel, NE to USG-N. America for gasoline and AG-China/Japan/ARA for Naphtha. For the product industry it is important to take into account the refineries location (ICS, 2015). The main features of crude oil and chemical products are that must be stored into tanks, handled by pumping and in some cases can be corrosive and toxic. For dry bulk cargoes, the type of vessel used is known as dry bulk ships. Some of the main features of this cargoes are that are shipped in large quantities and handled with automated equipment like belts and conveyors. The size of the vessel usually varies with the commodity transported. These are the most important commodities in the dry bulk industry (ICS, 2013; E. Branch, 2012). Iron ore: Main routes: Brazil to China-W. Europe (Panamax)- Australia to Japan/China (Panamax). Raw material of steelmaking. Major importers, it changes with countries development. China, Japan and USA are considered the three bigger consumers. Major exporters, Australian, Brazil, India or South Africa. Key players: Vale, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, ArcelorMittal, Metalloinvest, Anglo American. Ports/Terminals: Itaqui, Tubarao, Sepetiba, Ponta do Uba, Dampier, Port Walcott. Coal: Main routes: Australia to Japan/W.EU S.Africa to EU (Handymax), Columbia to W.EU (Panamax). Raw material of steelmaking as well as fuel for generating power. There are two main types: Cocking coal and steam coal. Coking coal: Australia is the worlds largest exporter. Steam coal: Australia Indonesia larger exporters. Major coal importers are Europe and Japan (43% of the world ´s coal imports). Grain: Main routes: US to S.America/Japan/Asian countries (Panamax), Argentina to Brazil (Handysize). Wheat, maize, rice, barley, soya etc. They all seasonal and irregular in volume and route. Major importer: Japan, China, Russia, EU, N. Africa, Brazil, Middle East countries. Main exporters: Canada, N.S. America, Australia. The last group are the containerships. Containerships have been positively affected by technologic improvements such as containerization or automization. Vessels range from: -1000 TEU (Small feeder), 1.000-2.000 TEU (Feeder), 2.000-3.000 (Feedermax), 3.000-5.000 Panamax, 5.000-10.000 TEU (Post Panamax), 10.000-15.000 TEU (New Panamax), +14.000 (ULCV) (ICS, 2015). The main routes for containerships are from F.EAST to EU and US (Panamax, Post Panamax), USA to China (Panamax and Post Panamax) and from USA to EU (Post Panamax and smaller) (ICS, 2015). It is interesting to highlight that companies are struggling on the return voyage from West to East. It makes operators to find different ways to optimize the empty containers in order to avoid the loss of marginal profit. QUESTION 4. SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND ITS IMPACT ON FREIGHT RATES: (Based on my dissertation) The shipping industry is a global-scale industry ruled by a combination of factors in charge of determining market trends, market levels and cycles. The supply and demand for vessels will establish the shipping market balance. The mechanism used to link the supply and demand in this industry is known as freight rates. Freight rates reflects the balance of ships and cargoes available in the market at a certain time (Stopford, 2009). Too many ships usually mean low freight rates, and too few ships usually mean high freight rates. Once freight rates are established, charterers and shipowners adjust to them, bringing the supply and demand into balance (Stopford, 2009). The Baltic Exchange is the organization in charge of providing, in co-operation with top shipping companies, daily reports for different markets and vessels sizes (BDTI TD1, TD6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). In terms of the shipping market model, 5 supply and 5 demand factors strongly influence the freight rates. On the demand side, one of the most important variables is the world economy and, especially, the global business cycles and local development trends (emerging economies-Nigeria). World economy plays an important role when determining the price of commodities and also when setting the freight rates that buyers and sellers are able to pay to transport them. Another two key factors to achieve economies of scale are the average haul distance and the amount of cargo shipped per voyage. Random economic shocks (2008 crisis) have also a great weight in shipping demand. As these shocks affect demand and people economic power, freight prices are reduced as the demand for these commodities is considerably reduced. And, last but not least, transport costs encompassing capital, voyage and operational costs (ICS, 2015; Stopford, 2009; Lectures given by Jonathan Challecombe: International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets). On the supply side, the new buildings and scrapping activities are essential to adjust the market balance. New buildings increase the fleet supply, lowering freight rates. Scrapping reduces the fleet supply, increasing freight rates. Fleet productivity is another factor which is focused in vessel ´s efficiency. In a fast pace market, speed and waiting times are crucial for business profitability. The last variable is the freight revenue. For example in markets with strong trends, shipowners may extend their vessel ´s life or purchase second-hand vessels to take advantage of the market; while in markets ruled by weak trends, old ships are scrapped 10 or 15 years before their commercial life ends (ICS, 2015; Stopford, 2009; Lectures given by Jonathan Challecombe: International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets). For example it is good to understand what is going with the current dry bulk and container markets. The very low freight rates experienced during the last few months are caused by the extreme difference in terms of fleet growth (+) and the fleet demand (-). This situation has led to overcapacity. As a conclusion and in order to become again a balanced industry, shipping companies should follow a new tool developed by BIMCO known as Zero supply growth. It mainly require shipowners to neutralize the delivery of new vessels every year by scrapping an equal amount of capacity from the existing fleet (BIMCO, 2016). Mergers and acquisitions are also great strategies although will lead to a more monopolized market. QUESTION 6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SEABORNE TRADE: As a derived demand, maritime shipping is shaped by worldwide macroeconomic conditions. Although shipping market is very complex we can say that there are five major factors which rule the demand for shipping: transport costs, seaborne commodity trades, average haul, random shocks and world economy, which is the most important one (Stopford, 2009). World economy impacts on the demand for shipping mainly through the business cycle and the trade development cycle. Business cycle lays the foundation for shipping cycle, so that fluctuations in the rate of world economic growth cause a cyclical pattern of demand for shipping. There is a close relationship between the growth rate of shipping and the world GDP, what becomes clear if you see how both parameters have closely changed over the recent history. It is not surprising given that world economy generates the most of demand for shipping by importing raw materials for manufacturing or exporting manufactured products. Another side of the relationship between macroeconomics and shipping is the seaborne commodity trades, which can be divided into short-term and long term. Seasonality of some trades is an important cause of short-term volatility. For instance, many agricultural commodities are linked to seasonal reasons, caused by harvest. But in the oil business there also is a cycle that reflects the seasonal fluctuation in energy consumption in western countries. Seasonality has a great impact on spot market (Dry and wet bulk) (ICS, 2015). The flows of raw materials (mainly ores and crude oil) follow a shipping pattern from developing countries towards developed countries. Transports terminals in developing countries are specialized in loading raw materials while developed countries unload are focused on unloading. On the other hand, the flows of manufactured goods mainly concerned developed countries, but it is changing due to the effects of globalized manufacturing processes. We have a new geography of global trade, which can be depicted quite accurately by maritime shipping routes. Developing countries are no longer just the suppliers of high volume-low value raw materials, but instead now also import large volumes of oil, iron ore, and participate in global value chains and the globalized production of manufactured goods (Stopford, 2009). As a result, developing countries are emerging as major world exporters and importers. They have also become main players in globalized manufacturing processes. As an instance we can mention that the growing energy needs of developing countries and the expansion of South-South trade are contributing to recharging tanker shipping and trade maps, supported by the US strategy to get its energy independence. QUESTION 7. ESTIMATING AND FORECASTING It is said that information is the most important variable that make shipping companies win or lose. Currently, technology has enhanced companies to get information from the market, global economy and many other factors in order to make an accurate market estimation and take advantage of it (Stopford, 2009). However, it is said that not all information is reliable, creating uncertainty among shipping players. It is why not only shipowners but also charterers, traders, operators and even brokers must have a clear network to get daily outlooks of what is going on in the market at every stage. Some of the most common information sources are: Shipping institutions: BIMCO, IMO, ICS, BALTIC EXCHANGEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Broking companies: PLATEAU DAILY REPORTSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Newspapers, magazinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ QUESTION 9. RISK MANAGEMENT: A popular strategy used in the shipping industry to reduce the effects of volatile markets is known as bunker hedging. It consists in a fuel price analysis and it is used with the purpose of reducing the company ´s exposure to volatile bunker costs and eliminating the risk of companies ´ bunker budgets getting out of control (Mercatus, 2016). Swap is one of the most popular uses when bunker hedging (Mercatus, 2016). It allows the buyer to hedge his bunker exposure by fixing the price he pays for fuel at a predefined level, over a predefined period of time. Two different scenarios can be found: Scenario 1: It is when fuel prices move from below the swap execution price. As a financial compensation, the shipping company has to pay back the difference between the market price and the swap price to his trading counterparty in order to offset low prices in the market (C, Cheetham, 2013). Scenario 2: It is when fuel prices move above the swap execution price. As a financial compensation, the shipping line has to receive the difference between the market price and the swap price from his trading counterparty in order to offset high prices in the market (C, Cheetham, 2013). A great forecasting job must be done before entering into a bunker hedging agreement. Shipping companies need to be sure in terms of future bunker prices trends. Related factors such as new oil fields, global trade and international regulations must be always taken into account. When properly managed, bunker hedging can lead companies to generate bigger profits as the exposure to fuel prices fluctuations is removed. A freight derivate contract is defined as a financial contract between two different parties, where future prices for transporting goods by sea are agreed. Freight derivate contracts are usually divided into two main groups: Forward Freight Agreement (FFA) and Freight Swap Agreement (FSA) (Baltic Exchange, 2016). These derivate contracts are used by charterers and shipowners in order to hedge against fluctuations in freight rates. The main difference between the FFAs and FSAs is the assumption of risk. With FSA risk for both parties, with FFA risk assumed by the counterparty. FFAs cover the route, settlement date, contract size and contract rate. Lastly, the main difference between hedging and speculation is that speculation involves an activity to make profit and hedging only attempts to reduce economic business risk. QUESTION 10. OTHER SEGMENTS AND SPECIALIZED CARGOES: LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas and it is considered the third major energy source carried by sea, after oil and coal. It is one of the most environmentally friendly energy source which is mainly used for power generation and for the domestic use. LNG is considered a hazardous cargo which requires coated tanks and isolated facilities at port in order to safely handle its extremely low temperature (ICS, 2015; Stopford, 2009; Energy Annual Reports, 2016). LNG is usually transported by Very Large Gas Carriers for very long voyages. LNG can be also transported via pipelines, although for that liquefaction is needed. The transport of LNG includes four different activities: Transportation of LNG from gas fields to plants, via pipeline. Methane gas is separated from other substances and stored for sea transportation. LNG loaded into ships. Receive and store LNG at delivery terminals. The LNG costs are divided in the following proportions: 15% production, 40% liquefaction, 25% sea transport, 20% regasification. It is important to highlight that LNG trade is conducted with long-term contracts (Bareboat or Time Charters) with fixed prices. Main exporters: Iran, Qatar and Russia in less scale: Africa, Asia, North and South America and the EU. Main importers: USA, EU, Japan, S. Korea and China. QUESTION 11. PORT DEVELOPMENT: In order to better understand how ports and terminals develop, it is fundamental to focus in a specific port. In my case, the Port of Rotterdam has been chosen as it was one of my research topics at university. As shipowning companies, ports and terminals are in continuous development process where technology and efficiency improvement are always sought. Time reduction when loading and unloading, port accessibility, hinterland connections and the ability of create economies of scale in terms of cargo handling and cargo storage are some of the main reasons why ports have evolve from individual specialized terminals to huge multipurpose shipping hubs where not only shipping but also logistics activities are carried out(Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2004). It has led to improve the supply chain and the instalment of strategies such as JIT (Just in time). Spatial relationships between terminals are key points in port competition. In order to explore how terminals should interact with each other, two main concepts are highlighted: centrality intermediacy (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). Centrality places terminals as a point of origin and destination traffic. It involves intermodal activities and gene rates economic activities in its vicinity. Intermediacy sees terminals as an intermediate point in the flow of freight. It could also be a good point to exploit transshipment (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). The main reasons why some ports stop developing when they reach a certain stage are: lack of green fields to build new terminals (Eg, Southampton Port or the ICTT Terminal, Vallarpadam-India) and the strong competition from terminal global terminal operators such as Dubai Ports World and APM (Venugopal, 2014). For example, the Port of Rotterdam has been working for a long time in two main expansion projects. Firstly, Maasvlakte I which was completed few years ago, and Maasvlakte II which is still on-process. In terms of space, the Port of Rotterdam will gain a total of 20%-22% extra space to allocate the forecasted rising number of containers and enhance a more viable multimodal system. Economies of scale are achieved by the great number of containers that it is able to handle. Thanks to its dimensions, total costs are divided over more than 11.5 million TEU they handle every year. The provision of customer focused services as well as 24/7 cargo handling and storing activities enhance the port to provide a reduction on vessel ´s turnaround times what leads to better productivity. Last but not least, the proximity of the dry bulk and tanker terminals to key production and storing points give the port an important comparative advantage. It minimizes costs and increases safety and effi ciency in terms of time. The great connections with the hinterland and foreland makes this port a global shipping choke point (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2004). In order to remain globally competitive, attract foreign trade and increase the total volume of exports and imports, countries have to encourage private operators to invest in national ports infrastructure including port configuration, handling equipment and port connectivity. QUESTION 12: THE CONTAINER SHIPPING MARKET: Over the years, container shipping lines have placed increasing amounts of hope in the notion that the trading growth being experienced in emerging markets would improve the demand of containerships. However, as a large number of Super-Post Panamax containerships (ULCV) of size between 13,000 19,000 TEUs being introduced to the market, increasing the current total capacity of world containership in service to 18.2 million TEUs; the overcapacity issue looks set to continue in 2015, although less severe than year 2009. Currently, the largest containership recorded in the industry are the sister vessel MSC Oscar and MSC Oliver with the size of 19,224 TEU (Lloyds List, 2016). The market is expecting to see more of such vessels magnitude being built and deliver in the near future. In terms of global trends ruling the container`s supply and demand, some facts can be highlighted: 1. Container ´s overcapacity: Timing is one of the main factors when referring to the shipping supply and demand. As great expectations were placed into the current market, many shipowners purchased bigger and more sophisticated vessels, which nowadays can ´t be employed. 2. Emerging economies power demand for shipments: Containerships owners can still find a glimpse of light for this market in emerging economies. For example, Nigeria will see its population grow by 275 million by 2050. It gives an idea of the shipping potential of this emerging economies/countries. 3.Cargo adaptation to the container shipping method: containerization. Cargo can be directly shipped from the mill to the consignee, or even to the customer, making the shipping industry more efficient and safer. 4.Sustainability and environmentally friend: New trends have come up concerning about environment issues. It has radically affected the cost for carriers and consequently the vessel ´s supply and demand (CSR). 5.Customer focus and new technology: Development in technology mainly seeks compliance with new regulations and cost-efficiencies. The current lack of transparency along the supply chain can affect either supply as demand due to wrong market forecast or unforeseen constraints. The East-West trade is mainly driven by the import demand of products from China and India to Europe. However, companies are struggling on the return voyage from West to East. It makes operators to find different ways to optimize the empty containers in order to avoid the loss of marginal profit. In order to remain competitive, operators will have to follow some tendencies which will shape the container industry (ICS, 2015) Cost reduction and vessel optimization can be achieved through forming shipping alliances between containership operators. The alliance agreements generally cover areas such as the type and size of vessel to be employed on each route; itineraries; port rotations, chartering of ships; feeder services and the coordination of inland services. 2M, O3, G6 alliance and the CKYHE. Slow steaming can be also applied (Lloyds List, 2016) Another way is the slot chartering: By leasing out part of the vessel ´s slot during the return voyage from Europe to Far-East, operators can obtain optimum efficiency of fleet operation and to maximize slot utilization (Lloyds List, 2016). And last but not least, cost-savings measure adopted by operators is through the use of longer routes in the East-West trade. For instance, instead of using the Suez Canal, ship operators may choose to travel by a longer sea route through the Cape of Good Hope enabling operators to accommodate additional ships with a similar frequency of port calls and reducing the overcapacity issue. Reference List: Alan Jugovic (2015 ) Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 29, 23-29 BIMCO (2016) BIMCO market analysis: 31 May 2016. Available: file:///C:/Users/gonzalo/Downloads/BIMCO_Road_to_Recovery_for_the_dry_bulk_market_FINAL%20(1).pdf Baltic Exchange (2016) FFAs. Available: https://www.balticexchange.com/ffa/ C. Cheetham (2013) Introduction to Bunker Hedging Tools: Swaps. Available: http://shipandbunker.com/news/features/risk-management/120043-introduction-to-bunker-hedging-tools-swaps E.Branch (2012) Elements of Shipping: Routledge: 7th edition ICS (2012) Dry Cargo Chartering. 2012 edn. Livingston : Witherby Shipping Business. ICS (2013) Shipping business. 2013 edn. London : Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers. ICS (2015) Tanker chartering. 2015 edn London. Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers IMO (2016) International shipping: carrier of world trade. Available: http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/TheRoleandImportanceofInternationalShipping/IMO_Brochures/Documents/Internatioinal%20Shipping%20-%20Carrier%20of%20world%20trade.pdf Lectures given by Jonathan Challecombe, Philip Rogers: International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets (2014,2015,2016). M. Stopford (2009). Maritime Economics. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Mercatus Energy Advisors (2016) Bunker Fuel Hedging Price Risk Management Swaps. Available: https://www.mercatusenergy.com/blog/bid/74900/an-introduction-to-bunker-fuel-hedging-updated Notteboom, T.E. and Rodrigue, J. (2005) Port Regionalization: towards a new phase of development. Maritime Policy and Management. Vol: 32(3) 297-313. Notteboom, T. (2004). Container Shipping and Ports: An Overview. In: Review of Network Economics. Vol: 3(2) 86-106. Paul Rodrigue. (2014). Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping. Available: https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/contchipecoscale.html Paul Rodrigue. (2015). Transport Costs and Spatial Inequalities. Availab

Early Judaism: Messianic Claimants/Messianic Expectations Paper

A messiah is a rather ambiguous term. It mainly means an anointed one; usually a messiah is considered to be a son of David and would reestablish Israel to what it once was. Because messiahs are anointed ones they would typically be Jewish priests, prophets and kings. However, a Messiah can also be a warrior, or a man of peace. (CITE) A messiah was to reestablish unity among the Jewish people and navigate through the hardships and oppression that they went through during early Judaism and bring a sense of freedom and relief. An array of messianic claimants came forth during the two peaks of Jewish rebellion, the death of King Herod the Great and the first Jewish war against the Romans. The first search for a messiah started in the sixth century BC when the Jews of Babylonia were exiled, they called for an anointed one that would bring them back to their home. The second time was when Alexander the Great brought down the Achaemenid Empire and left it to his Macedonian generals. The Jews were peaceful and tried to fit in more with the Greeks to avoid confrontation through this time. Ultimately when the Greeks pushed it too far and destroyed the temple the Hasmonean family led a revolt that bought independence back to the Jews. This period is referred to as the Hasmonean Dynasty. In response to this change of priesthood, the Jewish people reorganized themselves into three major philosophies; the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes. When the shift went to Roman, the Jews lost their sense of freedom. They were then ruled by King Herod the Great which didn’t improve. Herod the great was a powerful, brutal and ruthless leader, who accomplished a large amount, however under his rule Jewish people were extremely poor and highly taxe... ... army by his side. Simon and his followers were well organized and systematic in their approach. Works Cited http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_01.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_06.html http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/josephus/josephus.htm http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants03.html Anchor Bible – Richard, Horsley Horsley, Richard A. "Menahem In Jerusalem : A Brief Messianic Episode Among The Sicarii--Not "Zealot Messianism." Novum Testamentum 27.4 (1985): 334-348. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Stern, Pnina. "Life Of Josephus: The Autobiography Of Flavius Josephus." Journal For The Study Of Judaism In The Persian, Hellenistic And Roman Period 41.1 (2010): 63-93. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Early Judaism: Messianic Claimants/Messianic Expectations Paper A messiah is a rather ambiguous term. It mainly means an anointed one; usually a messiah is considered to be a son of David and would reestablish Israel to what it once was. Because messiahs are anointed ones they would typically be Jewish priests, prophets and kings. However, a Messiah can also be a warrior, or a man of peace. (CITE) A messiah was to reestablish unity among the Jewish people and navigate through the hardships and oppression that they went through during early Judaism and bring a sense of freedom and relief. An array of messianic claimants came forth during the two peaks of Jewish rebellion, the death of King Herod the Great and the first Jewish war against the Romans. The first search for a messiah started in the sixth century BC when the Jews of Babylonia were exiled, they called for an anointed one that would bring them back to their home. The second time was when Alexander the Great brought down the Achaemenid Empire and left it to his Macedonian generals. The Jews were peaceful and tried to fit in more with the Greeks to avoid confrontation through this time. Ultimately when the Greeks pushed it too far and destroyed the temple the Hasmonean family led a revolt that bought independence back to the Jews. This period is referred to as the Hasmonean Dynasty. In response to this change of priesthood, the Jewish people reorganized themselves into three major philosophies; the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes. When the shift went to Roman, the Jews lost their sense of freedom. They were then ruled by King Herod the Great which didn’t improve. Herod the great was a powerful, brutal and ruthless leader, who accomplished a large amount, however under his rule Jewish people were extremely poor and highly taxe... ... army by his side. Simon and his followers were well organized and systematic in their approach. Works Cited http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_01.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_06.html http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/josephus/josephus.htm http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants03.html Anchor Bible – Richard, Horsley Horsley, Richard A. "Menahem In Jerusalem : A Brief Messianic Episode Among The Sicarii--Not "Zealot Messianism." Novum Testamentum 27.4 (1985): 334-348. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Stern, Pnina. "Life Of Josephus: The Autobiography Of Flavius Josephus." Journal For The Study Of Judaism In The Persian, Hellenistic And Roman Period 41.1 (2010): 63-93. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.

Percentage Composition by Mass of Magnesium Oxide Essay

Percentage composition by mass of magnesium oxide – Report Objective: To measure and calculate the ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium oxide. To compare the lab ratio to the percent composition calculation based on the formula. Hypothesis: Based on the law of definite proportions, the percentage composition of magnesium oxide should be around 60% magnesium and 40% oxygen. Materials: * Goggles * Centigram or analytical balance * 2-4 cm magnesium ribbon * Steel Wool * Porcelain crucible and lid * Bunsen Burner * Retort Stand * Ring Stand and Clamp * Clay Triangle * Crucible Tongs * Glass Stirring Rod * Distilled Water Calculations + Observation: Please see the back of the report. Discussion: B) The fact that magnesium oxide was formed, which is a new substance, proved that a chemical reaction had taken place. E) Yes, the law of definite proportions is valid, because most of the other groups that had not encountered as many errors as us and they had more accurate results which were closer to the predicted compositions according to the law. The rest had similar results to us which proves that their errors were similar to ours. H) The white film on the surface of the magnesium was polished because it prevents reactions of magnesium and gas elements in the air. This was necessary because we wanted magnesium to react with oxygen and therefore had to remove the white film. Conclusion: J) Yes, the law of definite proportions is valid, because most of the other groups that had not encountered as many errors as us had more accurate results. The rest had similar results which proves that their errors were similar as well. Sources of error: You have to be very precautious while doing this experiment. Here are reasons/possible errors that could have been encountered: * The magnesium oxide could have been lost through the crucible during the heating process. This could result in the loss of the product. To prevent this, the lid should be set slightly off-center on the crucible so that only the air goes in. * When the glass stirring rod was used to crush the magnesium, there is a high chance that the magnesium oxide could have been left on it before adding the water, resulting in the loss of product. To prevent this, the stirring rod should be held above the crucible and then pour the water slowly on to the end of the stirring rod so that the water would run down into the crucible while dragging the MgO from the stirring rod. * Magnesium could have not reacted with oxygen completely. * The crucible might be left dirty with other particles in it that could have made variations in the MgO reaction. * The water could be contaminated. * All water might not have evaporated. * Magnesium having not been crushed completely into powder after reaction. * Rushing through experiment because of lack of time. * Chance of Problem with weighing scale. * Crucible had extra weight due to extra contents that were unseen.

Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare

Death Of A Salesman vs. Hamlet Willy Loman and Hamlet are two characters so alike, yet are so different. Both are perfect examples of tragedy in literature. According to Webster’s Dictionary a tragedy is defined as a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror, the literary genre of tragic dramas. Hamlet follows this to a "T". Death of a Salesman Willy Loman also follows these guidelines of a picture perfect tragedy. Compare the two characters and decide for your self how much they have in common. Hamlet is a rich young price of high moral estate and suddenly has his joyous life ripped away from him when his father, Hamlet Sr., suddenly passes away. After the death of his father, Hamlet has no reason to point blame at anyone, as there is nothing to make him believe that his father was killed unjustly. It is not until his fathers’ ghost appears to him that he is aware of a killer. He then says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge.† (Act 1, Scene 5,). But by the end of the scene he says â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite that I was ever born to set it right.† (Act 1, Scene5) showing that he is no longer in such a hurry for the murder of Claudius. This could be due to the fact that the appearance of his father’s ghost may not seem very reliable to him as he questions his own sanity over what he thinks he should do. Unlike Laertes, Hamlet has deep consideration for his soul being damned on account of his actions to avenge his father. He co ndemns himself throughout the play for being a coward. Though originally thought to be of natural causes, it is now revealed to him through his father's ghost, that dear old... Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare Free Essays on Comparing Shakespeare Death Of A Salesman vs. Hamlet Willy Loman and Hamlet are two characters so alike, yet are so different. Both are perfect examples of tragedy in literature. According to Webster’s Dictionary a tragedy is defined as a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man, a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror, the literary genre of tragic dramas. Hamlet follows this to a "T". Death of a Salesman Willy Loman also follows these guidelines of a picture perfect tragedy. Compare the two characters and decide for your self how much they have in common. Hamlet is a rich young price of high moral estate and suddenly has his joyous life ripped away from him when his father, Hamlet Sr., suddenly passes away. After the death of his father, Hamlet has no reason to point blame at anyone, as there is nothing to make him believe that his father was killed unjustly. It is not until his fathers’ ghost appears to him that he is aware of a killer. He then says â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge.† (Act 1, Scene 5,). But by the end of the scene he says â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite that I was ever born to set it right.† (Act 1, Scene5) showing that he is no longer in such a hurry for the murder of Claudius. This could be due to the fact that the appearance of his father’s ghost may not seem very reliable to him as he questions his own sanity over what he thinks he should do. Unlike Laertes, Hamlet has deep consideration for his soul being damned on account of his actions to avenge his father. He co ndemns himself throughout the play for being a coward. Though originally thought to be of natural causes, it is now revealed to him through his father's ghost, that dear old...

Free Essays on Stress

Stress Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge themselves. It is an invisible enemy that can overtake a life. This topic is important because it affects lives of many college students and can happen to anyone, even a pet. When treated in the correct way stress can be eliminated and overcome. Stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. Stress responses are psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions to stressors. Anxiety, depression, concentration difficulties, and muscle tension are all examples of stress responses. Stress includes many types of stressors, referred to as emotional, family, and psychological. Stressors are events that threaten or challenge people. Specific types of stressors occur within certain situations in life, such as family, work, and school. Specific types of stressors that family members are exposed to through their family include a lack of parent-child emotional bonding, misbehavior of children, teenage pregnancy, divorce, and remarriage. Marital conflict is a good example of a daily hassle that is specifically related to the family. Marital conflict tends to occur when spouses come from different social and economic backgrounds, and the spouse of higher status emphasizes his or her superiority (Charlesworth, 20-21). Students in college often feel overwhelmed from having too many assignments or assignments that are too difficult. They sometimes experience role ambiguity in poorly designed courses or from poor instructors, and sometimes experience role conflict from instructors who seem to believe that the students in their classes are not taking any other classes. The following stressors are particularly relevant for college stu... Free Essays on Stress Free Essays on Stress Stress Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge themselves. It is an invisible enemy that can overtake a life. This topic is important because it affects lives of many college students and can happen to anyone, even a pet. When treated in the correct way stress can be eliminated and overcome. Stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. Stress responses are psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions to stressors. Anxiety, depression, concentration difficulties, and muscle tension are all examples of stress responses. Stress includes many types of stressors, referred to as emotional, family, and psychological. Stressors are events that threaten or challenge people. Specific types of stressors occur within certain situations in life, such as family, work, and school. Specific types of stressors that family members are exposed to through their family include a lack of parent-child emotional bonding, misbehavior of children, teenage pregnancy, divorce, and remarriage. Marital conflict is a good example of a daily hassle that is specifically related to the family. Marital conflict tends to occur when spouses come from different social and economic backgrounds, and the spouse of higher status emphasizes his or her superiority (Charlesworth, 20-21). Students in college often feel overwhelmed from having too many assignments or assignments that are too difficult. They sometimes experience role ambiguity in poorly designed courses or from poor instructors, and sometimes experience role conflict from instructors who seem to believe that the students in their classes are not taking any other classes. The following stressors are particularly relevant for college stu... Free Essays on Stress By: ryan Stress in the Work Place. How to Create a Productive and Healthy Work Environment. Under the author’s perspective, the justification of studying stress in organizations is due to its effect, positive or negative, on the efficiency and vitality of employees and organizations as a whole. Stress is a common denominator in organizations all over the world. Furthermore, some developed countries have indeed increased its levels of stress among employees in alarming rates. Under this perspective, the author seeks to find the elements needed to reduce stress in the organization, and also to maintain the health and vitality of workers in the organization. To answer these, the following five suggestions are introduced: a) If in a leadership position, carefully determine whether organization restructuring is in the best interests of your company – and the employees. To explain this point, the author claims that most of corporate America’s restructuring in the way of layoffs , brings poor productivity results and in most cases low impact on earnings or stock performance. On the other hand, layoffs produce serious moral problems caused by restructuring. The first to be directly affected are obviously the employees who are laid off. For these people, the author suggests close contact with the dismissed employees in the form of counseling and instruments focused at helping them to obtain new positions at other organization. The author continues by commenting that not only the employees that are leaving are the ones affected but also the ones that stay. The reason for this is the degree of uncertainty that lay offs produce on the employees and management that stay in the organization. To upset this problem, the author suggests a thorough explanation of the financial and operational reason for â€Å"right-sizing† the organization.... Free Essays on Stress Introduction Throughout the eighties and into the nineties, work stress have continued to rise dramatically in organisations across North America. The eighties saw employees stressing out from working in a rapidly growing economy. During the nineties, beginning from the recession of 1992 till present day, employees are stressed by their own job insecurities in the face of massive downsizing and restructuring of organisations in order to be competitive on the global stage. Work stress is a very extensive topic ranging from research on the sources of stress, the effects of stress, to ways on managing and reducing stress. This report will focus first on the evidence for the harmful effects of stress at work, both mentally and physically. The last section will briefly explain why management should be concerned with rising employee stress and will describe some actions management can take to alleviate work stress. 2.0 Harmful Effects of Stress Most research studies indicate a high correla tion between stress and illness. According to authorities in the United States and Great Britain, as much as 70% of patients that are treated by general practitioners are suffering from symptoms originating from stress . Everyone experiences stress, however, each person responds to stress very differently. Their response is dependent on how each person reacts to stress emotionally, mentally, and physically. There are, however, common effects of stress for most people on the physical and mental body. 2.1 Physical Effects The researcher Blyth in 1973 identified a list of diseases which have a fairly high causal relationships with stress. The World Health Organisation and consultations with the J.R. Geigy Pharmaceutical Company obtained his evidence through interviews with medical experts, review of reports. The following is a list of some of the illnesses Blyth had identified : 1. Hypertension2. Coronary thrombosis3. Hay fever and other allergies4. Migraine he...